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(1980) “A New Evaluation of the Wind Stress Coefficient over Water Surfaces”, J. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Īmorocho, J. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Since a good radiator of sound is also a scatterer of sound, these plumes and clouds will also scatter sound. Sufficient energy exists in the initial breaking vorticity and turbulence to explain measured source levels. The pressure release surface would result in an effective dipole characteristic. Since the initial plume and cloud have appreciable void fractions, compressible resonant behavior of these structures as a whole or as multiply connected regions can be represented as compact acoustic monopoles and dipoles. The dynamic evolution of these plumes and clouds provides a mechanism for sound production. Breaking waves produce an impact, bubble plume, and bubble cloud. The production of noise in this region has a dipole characteristic.

Noise intensities (< 500 Hz) are a function of wind speed (U) to the 2n power with 1.3 < n < 2.5 and a value of n=1.5 at 200 Hz. Measured ocean ambient noise spectrum levels increase at less than 1 dB per octave toward a broad maximum, which has a weak wind speed dependence between 300 to 500 Hz. Individual breakers produce impact noise as well as a random collection of individual spectral events. Recent experiments confirm the production of sound by breaking waves at lower frequencies (30 to 500 Hz).

Big ocean waves sound